Table 2 Characteristics of Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities (n=13)

Group Adolescents Behavioral characteristics Communication characteristics Social characteristics
Grade, Type, Sex
ASSQ, FSIQ, VCI
1 A • Active Participation in Class• Poor Condition in the Morning• Difficulty Shifting Negative Thoughts • Two-Way Conversation• Active Initiation and Leadership in Conversation• Clear and Accurate Pronunciation • Strong Interest in Peers & Younger Siblings• Proactive Interaction• Appropriate Eye Contact & Facial Expressions
8th, ASD, Male
17, 70↑, 70↑
B • Tends to Act Slowly• Wanders Around Peers• Participates Seriously in Class • Talking to Oneself• Constantly Pointing Out Others’ Actions• Adequate Verbal Expression • Prefers Older Siblings• Passive Interaction pattern• Inconsistent Eye Contact
7th, ASD, Male
42, 78, 70
C • Prefers Being Alone• Prefers Set Routines• Sensory Sensitivity (Auditory, Tactile) • Active Expression in Uncomfortable Situations• Prefers 1:1 Over Small Groups• Occasional Tense Errors • Passive Response to Others’ Attempts• Passive Interaction pattern• Inconsistent Eye Contact
8th, ID, Male
14, 72, 67
D • Difficulty Shifting Negative Emotions• Monotonous Expression• Egocentric Thinking, Behavior • Two-Way Conversation• Clear and Accurate Pronunciation• Fixed Conversation Topic (e.g., School Violence) • High Motivation for Peers• Inappropriate Play Attempts• Sensitive to Losing
6th, ASD, Male
27, 68, 78
E • Vocal Tics• Distractible, Diverted Attention• Monotonous Expression • One-sided Conversation Attempts• Repetition of Specific Topics or Questions • Low Motivation for Interaction• Restricted Play Patterns• Prefers Parallel Play
6th, ASD, Male
30, 71, 73
2 F • Constantly Smiling Expression• Prosocial Behavior• Active Participation in Class • Active in Initiating & Responding• Difficulty in Deepening & Expanding Conversation• Repeats Others’ Responses • High Motivation for Interaction• Active in Conversation & Play• Difficulty Handling Rejection & Teasing
8th, ASD, Male
16, 60, 47
G • Distractible, High Activity• Serious in Class• Intense Tension in Role-play • High Frequency of Speech• Topics like Poop, Zombies, etc.• Repeatedly Pointing Out Peers Mistakes • High Motivation for Interaction• Initiates Play with Language & Gestures• Mostly Active and Proactive
6th, ASD, Male
32, 61, 73
H • Modeling Inappropriate Behavior• In Tense Situations - Making Inappropriate Jokes• Giving Inappropriate Answers • Strong Expression of Preferences & Dispreferences• Flat Intonation • Echolalia• Responding to Others’ Attempts • High Motivation for Interaction• Sticks to Preferred Play• Difficulty with Compromise
6th, ASD, Male
35, 61, 55
3 I • Narrating One’s Own Actions• Singing Loudly Before Class• Generally Active in Class• Discouraged When Incorrect • Initiates Conversation with Teacher• Reversal of First-Person Pronouns• Active in Initiating & Responding in Conversation• Errors in Grammar and Tense • Leading Play• Encouraging Non-participating Students to Join Group Activities
6th, ID, Male
21, 40, 50
J • Taking Over Shared Snacks• Active Participation in Class (Note-taking)• Intense Tension in Role-play • Expressing One’s Intentions Using Various Facial Expressions, Pointing, and Gestures• Unclear Pronunciation• Errors in Grammar and Tense • Prefers 1:1 Play with Specific Peers• Repeating Instructions for the Game• Checking If the Other Person Is Listening
6th, ID, Male
19, 40, 50
K • Monotonous Expression• Repeatedly Making Jokes with Incorrect Answers • Extremely Fast Speech• Unclear Pronunciation• One-sided Communication • Prefers Independent Imaginative Play• Engages Only in Preferred Play• Prefers Parallel Play
6th, ASD, Male
35, 67, 81
L • Observing the Surroundings• Active Participation in Class• Repeats Friends’ Answers • Initiates Conversation with Teacher• Unclear Pronunciation• Speaks in Words or Short Phrases• Low Initiation and Response • High Motivation for Peers• Passively Repeats Peers’ Play• Lack of Skill in Play Methods
6th, ID, Male
42, 49, 52
M • Stereotyped Behaviors & Mannerisms• Distracted Attention • Reversal of First-Person Pronouns• Flat Intonation• Occasionally Responds • Prefers Independent Play• Rejects Play with Peers• Inconsistent Eye Contact
6th, ASD, Male
28, 62, 68
<Note> ASD : Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASSQ : Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire, FSIQ : Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, ID : Intellectual Disability, VCI : Verbal Comprehension Index