Table 4 Borich Needs Assessment, LF Classification, and Priority of Challenging Behavior Intervention Competencies Among Disability Welfare Institution Staff

Domain	Category	Specific Competencies (Behavioral Indicators)		Borich	LF	Priority
System	Understanding	1	Understand how to create an environment that prevents challenging behaviors	8	HH	Top
		2	Understand the individual characteristics of adults with developmental disabilities	15	HH	Top
	Environment	3	Clearly separates rest areas from educational(activity) areas	3	LH	Secondary
		4	Design spaces that ensure safety and comfort for activitie.	4	HH	Top
		5	Minimize unnecessary noise in the environment	2	LH	Secondary
		6	Ensure activity spaces have appropriate lighting (or natural light)	21	LH	Secondary
		7	Maintain activity spaces at a temperature suitable for the weather	38	LL
	Activity	8	Structure activities to allow all participants to be actively engaged	24	LL
		9	Prepare alternative activities for participants who cannot engage in the main activity	10	LH	Secondary
		10	Inform participants of the start and end times of activities	47	HL	Secondary
		11	Provide a schedule overview to participants in advance	50	HL	Secondary
		12	Ensure consistency in activity schedules and daily routines	44	HL	Secondary
		13	Appropriately allocate time between activities and breaks	42	HL	Secondary
	Habit	14	Apply the same behavioral rules to all participants	12	HH	Top
		15	Interact with participants using consistent language and behavior (without being influenced by personal emotions)	5	HH	Top
		16	Avoid using strongly scented cosmetics or perfumes	49	LL
		17	Avoid wearing clothing with distracting or overly complex patterns	48	LL
	Collaboration	18	Establish a team dedicated to participant support	22	LL
		19	Define the roles and responsibilities of team members	16	HH	Top
		20	Discuss team objectives and goals collectively	18	HL	Secondary
		21	Establish guidelines for effective team collaboration	11	HH	Top
		22	Determine meeting schedules and formats through a democratic process	30	HL	Secondary
		23	Work to enhance the professional competencies of team members	14	HH	Top
		24	Develop effective support plans for participants as a team	26	HL	Secondary
		25	Provide necessary support to facilitate team collaboration	6	LH	Secondary
		26	Determine modifications to behavior support plans through team discussions	17	LH	Secondary
		27	Celebrate and acknowledge team successes in challenging behavior interventions	31	LL
	Interaction	28	Create an atmosphere that encourage open and honest discussion among team members	34	LL
		29	Ensure meetings start and end at the designated times	36	LL
		30	Conduct meetings following established procedures	35	LL
		31	Allow team members to participate whenever necessary	45	LL
	Positive Interdependence	32	Distribute leadership responsibilities across roles (e.g., recorder, encourager, agenda verifier)	25	LL
	Relationships	33	Introduce new team members to team norms	19	LH	Secondary
		34	Provide communication channels for absent team members	20	LH	Secondary
	Team	35	Use democratic decision-making methods	40	HL	Secondary
		36	Encourage and develop interpersonal skills for effective team collaboration	28	LL
Implementation	Information Collection	1	Identify participants’ personal and background information (e.g., name, date of birth, gender, disability type and details, family information)	43	HL	Secondary
		2	Collect interview and preliminary data for challenging behavior intervention	27	HL	Secondary
		3	Identify the reinforcers preferred by participants	32	HL	Secondary
	Challenging Behavior	4	Prioritize intervention for challenging behaviors based on participant needs rather than staff preferences	39	HL	Secondary
		5	Determine intervention priorities based on the severity of challenging behaviors (e.g., aggressive behavior, disruptive behavior, mild disturbances)	23	HL	Secondary
		6	Conduct a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) to identify the function of the challenging behavior	9	LH	Secondary
		7	Observe and record the antecedent conditions leading to challenging behavior	29	HL	Secondary
		8	Observe and record the consequences following the challenging behavior	41	HL	Secondary
		9	Measure challenging behaviors using systematic behavior units such as frequency and duration	7	LH	Secondary
		10	Provide positive reinforcement to participants exhibiting appropriate behaviors	33	HL	Secondary
	Multi-Domain Approach	11	Conduct caregiver training on challenging behavior interventions	1	LH	Secondary
		12	Identify available institutional support for participants	13	LH	Secondary
		13	Monitor medications taken by participants	46	HL	Secondary
		14	Identify support services participants receive from other institutions	37	HL	Secondary