Table 1. Participants’ Information and Characteristics

Characteristics\Participants Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3
Age / Gender 13 years 6 months / Male 13 years 8 months / Male 13 years 7 months / Female
Type of Disability Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
K-WISC-V Full Scale IQ 56 Full Scale IQ 41 Full Scale IQ 43
NISE-K·ABS Standard Score 57 Standard Score 61 Standard Score 61
Language & Communication ■ Has difficulty with verbal expression due to inaccurate pronunciation■ Expresses needs through writing ■ Has difficulty with oral expression and answers questions with “yes” or “no”■ Rarely uses spontaneous speech and uses gestures to express needs ■ Primarily communicates through gestures and one-word utterances■ Shows very limited spontaneous verbal expression
Academics ■ Reads and writes letters with assistance for accuracy■ Performs single-digit addition and subtraction but requires prompts regrouping or borrowing■ Frequently fails to complete assigned tasks within the allotted time ■ Has difficulty reading and writing letters and requires both visual and physical prompts■ Has difficulty reading and writing numbers and struggles to associate numerals up to 10 with corresponding concrete objects■ Requires repeated instructions and extended time to complete academic tasks ■ Has difficulty reading and writing letters and performs these tasks with physical prompts■ Can recite and write numbers from 1 to 10 but cannot connect the numerals with concrete objects■ Requires frequent teacher prompts to complete assigned tasks
Behavior ■ Frequently observed clapping hands forcefully and rocking the upper body back and forth■ Engages in behaviors such as running around the classroom and shouting persistently■ Exhibits out-of-seat behavior during class and attempts to leave the classroom without permission■ Frequently hits the desk or nearby objects forcefully with their palms ■ Repeatedly rocks the body up and down while sitting or standing■ Exhibits out-of-seat behavior during class and often attempts to leave the classroom■ Runs around the classroom repeatedly until the teacher intervenes ■ Is highly sensitive to loud noises and fixates on crinkling sounds■ Frequently screams and covers ears in response to auditory stimuli■ Exhibits behaviors such as nail-biting or tearing plastic objects with the mouth during class■ Frequently leaves the seat and has difficulty maintaining engagement in tasks