Table 3 Visual Support-Based Prevention and Reinforcement Interventions for Out-of-Seat Behavior

Component Procedure
Introduction-Practice Phase Visual Timer Set the visual timer to approximately 30 seconds and place it in the participant’s line of sight.
If the participant shows excessive interest in or attempts to manipulate the timer,temporarily remove it to minimize visual distraction.
First-Then Picture Card Place the First-Then picture card alongside the visual timer on the participant’s desk. Immediately point alternately to the timer and the card while verbally explaining:
“Stay in your seat until the red color disappears. Then you can have your favorite jelly.”
Intensive Reinforcement Phase Fixed Duration Schedule(FD) If the participant maintains seated behavior for the entire fixed interval,provide specific verbal praise (e.g., “Great job staying seated!”) followed by one piece of jelly.
Non-reinforcement Contingency If out-of-seat behavior occurs at any point during the fixed interval (e.g., 2 minutes), reinforcement is withheld regardless of the participant’s seating status at the observation point.