| Latent Profile Indicators: Challenging Behaviors | Self-injurious behavior | Hitting oneself, head banging, scratching, cutting, biting, skin rubbing, hair pulling, skin picking, nail biting, pinching oneself, food refusal, etc. | Never = 1,Sometimes = 2,Often = 3 |
| Aggressive behaviorc toward others | Hitting, kicking, biting, pinching, scratching, hair pulling, hitting with objects, etc. |
| Destructive behavior | Hitting, tearing, cutting, throwing, burning, scratching objects, etc. |
| Disruptive behavior | Pestering/clinging, harassing, picking fights, complaining, crying/laughing without cause, yelling, screaming, etc. |
| Repetitive and atypical behaviors | Pacing, rocking, finger flapping, mouthing objects, tic-like movements, echolalia, self-talk, teeth grinding, pica, overeating/undereating, staring, unusual facial expressions, screaming, etc. |
| Socially inappropriate behavior | Speaking loudly, swearing, lying, invading personal space, threatening, making nonsensical statements, spitting, public self-touching or urination, etc. |
| Withdrawn or inattentive behavior | Social withdrawal, unusual fearfulness, lack of interest in activities, sad/worried expression, poor task concentration, hypersomnia, negative self-talk, etc. |
| Noncompliant behavior | Refusal to comply, avoiding household tasks, breaking rules, defiant behavior, school/work refusal, tardiness, refusing to share, stealing, legal violations, etc. |
| Latent Profile Indicators: Functional Characteristics | Communication ability | ① Receptive language ability, ② Expressive language ability, ③ Comprehension of nonverbal cues, ④ Use of nonverbal communication | Two or more words = 1, Single words = 2, Unintelligible words = 3, Indistinct sounds = 4, Unable = 5 (scale varies by item) |
| Cognitive ability | ① Reading (Korean), ② Writing (Korean), ③ Number concepts, ④ Understanding dates/days, ⑤ Orientation to place, ⑥ Recognition of familiar people, ⑦ Situational understanding | Unable = 1, Limited ability = 2, Able = 3 |
| Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) | ① Personal grooming, ② Housecleaning, ③ Meal preparation, ④ Laundry, ⑤ Nearby outings, ⑥ Use of public transportation, ⑦ Shopping, ⑧ Money management, ⑨ Telephone use, ⑩ Medication management | Total assistance required = 1, Substantial assistance required = 2, Some assistance required = 3, Independent = 4 |
| Outcome Variables | Caregiver life satisfaction | Caregiver’s level of satisfaction with their current life | Very dissatisfied = 1, Dissatisfied = 2, Neutral = 3, Satisfied = 4, Very satisfied = 5 |
| Caregiver burden | Caregiver’s perceived burden of caring for/supervising the individual with DD | Very burdened = 1, Somewhat burdened = 2, Neutral = 3, Somewhat unburdened = 4, Not burdened at all = 5 |
| Control Variables | Gender | Gender of the individual with DD | Male = 1, Female = 0 |
| Age | Age of the individual with DD | 10s = 1, 20s = 2, 30s = 3, 40s = 4, 50s = 5, 60s = 6, 70s = 7, 80s = 8 |
| Disability type | Intellectual Disability or Autism Spectrum Disorder | Intellectual Disability = 1, ASD = 0 |
| Disability severity | Disability grade prior to abolition of the grading system (June 2019) | Level 1 = 1, Level 2 = 2, Level 3 = 3 |
| Caregiver gender | Gender of the primary caregiver | Male = 1, Female = 0 |
| Household income | Average monthly household income (KRW) | 500,000 = 1, 10,000,000 or more = 11 |