Table 14 Proactive and reactive strategies in the included studies

Code Proactive strategies Reactive strategies
A · Noncontinent reinforcement (NCR)· Social skills training· High-probability request sequence· Providing choices · First/Then (Premack principle)· Teaching alternative behaviors· Self-management· Functional communication training (FCT) · Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)
C · Teaching alternative behaviors · Self-advocacy skills training · 5-Stage Therapeutic Support Model (Engagement, refusal, de-escalation, resolution, and exploration)
D · Environmental adjustments · De-escalation
F · Teaching alternative behaviors · Providing preferred activities -
G · Providing preferred activities -
H · Token economy · Time-out (Exclusionary)
I · Proactive strategies (Unspecified) · Reactive strategies (Unspecified)
J · Environmental adjustments · Communication (Social stories) -
K · Proactive strategies (Unspecified) · Reactive strategies (Unspecified)
L · Communication · Low arousal approach· De-escalation
N - · Pre-established early detection plan
O - · Differential reinforcement· Time-out· Blocking and/or Redirection
P · Increasing predictability · Relocation · Time-out
Q · Increasing predictability -
R · Providing preferred activities -
Note. Codes B, E, and M were not applicable or not reported in the analyzed studies.