Table 15 Program effectiveness in the included studies

Code Program effectiveness Measurement of Maintenance or Generalization
Details Effective Partially effective Ineffective Maintenance Generalization
A · Reduction in challenging behaviors and restrictive interventions - - - -
B · Reduction in challenging behaviors and improvement in quality of life and staff self-efficacy - - - -
· Reduction in restrictive interventions - -
C · Reduction in challenging behaviors - - -
D · Reduction in frequency of seclusion/environmental restraints and restraint duration - - - -
· Reduction in aggression (towards others and objects)
· Reduction in frequency of restrictive interventions -
· Reduction in aggression (verbal and self-injurious) - -
E · Reduction in restrictive interventions - - - -
F · Reduction in duration of mechanical restraints - - - -
G · Reduction in non-compliance and challenging behaviors (aggression, self-injury) - - -
· Reduction in mechanical restraints - -
H · Reduction in destructive behaviors, time-out, social isolation, and mechanical restraints - - -
I · Reduction in frequency of challenging behaviors and physical restraints - - - -
J · Reduction in seclusion - - - -
K · Reduction in frequency and intensity of challenging behaviors - - -
L · Reliance on restrictive interventions - - - -
M · Reduction in frequency and duration of restrictive interventions, and staff injuries - - - -
N · Reduction in seclusion and severity of incidents - - - -
O · Reduction in frequency and support intensity of challenging behaviors (aggression, destruction) - - -
· Reduction in frequency and support intensity of challenging behaviors (self-injury) - -
P · Reduction in frequency of challenging behaviors, and frequency and duration of physical restraints - - - -
Q · Reduction in frequency of physical restraints - - - -
R · Reduction in the rate of challenging behaviors leading to physical restraints - - - -