Table 15 Program effectiveness in the included studies

Code Program effectiveness Measurement of Maintenance or Generalization
Details Effective Partially effective Ineffective Maintenance Generalization
A · Reduction in challenging behaviors and restrictive interventions ● - - - -
B · Reduction in challenging behaviors and improvement in quality of life and staff self-efficacy ● - - - -
· Reduction in restrictive interventions - - ●
C · Reduction in challenging behaviors ● - - ◆ -
D · Reduction in frequency of seclusion/environmental restraints and restraint duration ● - - - -
· Reduction in aggression (towards others and objects)
· Reduction in frequency of restrictive interventions - ●
· Reduction in aggression (verbal and self-injurious) - - ●
E · Reduction in restrictive interventions ● - - - -
F · Reduction in duration of mechanical restraints ● - - - -
G · Reduction in non-compliance and challenging behaviors (aggression, self-injury) ● - - ◆ -
· Reduction in mechanical restraints ● - -
H · Reduction in destructive behaviors, time-out, social isolation, and mechanical restraints ● - - ◆ -
I · Reduction in frequency of challenging behaviors and physical restraints ● - - - -
J · Reduction in seclusion ● - - - -
K · Reduction in frequency and intensity of challenging behaviors ● - - ◆ -
L · Reliance on restrictive interventions - ● - - -
M · Reduction in frequency and duration of restrictive interventions, and staff injuries ● - - - -
N · Reduction in seclusion and severity of incidents ● - - - -
O · Reduction in frequency and support intensity of challenging behaviors (aggression, destruction) ● - - ◆ -
· Reduction in frequency and support intensity of challenging behaviors (self-injury) - - ●
P · Reduction in frequency of challenging behaviors, and frequency and duration of physical restraints ● - - - -
Q · Reduction in frequency of physical restraints ● - - - -
R · Reduction in the rate of challenging behaviors leading to physical restraints ● - - - -