Table 3 Keyword analysis of the included studies

Domain		Keyword		Code	n
Disability	Developmental	Intellectual Disability		A, B, C, J, O	6
		Autism Spectrum Disorder		Q
	Other	Personality Disorders		N	1
Challenging behavior	Terms	Challenging Behavior		A, B, K, L, O, Q	6
	Topography	Aggression, Aggressive behavior		I, Q, R	4
		Anxiety		Q
		Violence		C, R
	Other	Severe behavioural disorders		J	2
		Chronicity		O
Restrictive intervention	Terms	Umbrella term	Restraint	C, D, J, Q	6
			Restrictive intervention	D
		Physical	Physical interventions	K, L
		Spatial	Seclusion	D, J
	Comprehensive reduction framework	System	Quality assurance measures	A	6
			Positive behavior support	B, D
			Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support, MBPBS program	I
			No force first	R
			Lean Thinking, Six Sigma	M
		Support	Behaviour support plans	A	6
			1:1 staffing	I
			early signs	N
			De-escalation	D
			Risk management	C, N
			Deep touch pressure	Q
		Training	Staff training	B, E	4
			Family training, Parent training	K, L
		Other	Practice	O	1
	Outcomes	Service users	Quality of life	B	6
		Staff	Psychological stress, Staff turnover	I
		Organization	Benefit-cost analysis	I
			Costs	E
		Other	Intrusive procedure	A
			Restraint reduction	E, R
			Safety	E
Study	Participants	Parents		L	2
		Nurses		N
	Setting	Filed	Forensic mental health nursing	N	2
			Mental health	R
			Secure setting for women	D
		Organizational nature	Psychiatric hospital	M	3
			Inpatient settings	R
	Methods	Case study		J	2
		Longitudinal		O

Note. Keywords were not specified in studies F, G, H, and P. Duplicates were excluded.