| 1. Establishing core service activities and standard procedures(assessment, functional behavior assessment, intervention planning, direct intervention, caregiver training, team meetings, supervision, and outcome evaluation, with standards for purpose, time, provider, and documentation by activity) | United States: CPT 97151-97158 define service activities, 15-minute units, and provider levels; Australia: eligible supports and registered-provider requirements administratively define services; Norway: behavior-analytic support is positioned within habilitation and special-education services | Occupational therapy: service activities are linked to health-insurance fees and relative value units; current developmental rehabilitation services are primarily organized around monthly use limits and standard unit prices | Validation of core ABA service activities and standard procedures in Korea; investigation of actual time required by activity |
| 2. Systematizing education, training, and supervision standards(direct observation, case-based functional assessment, supervised clinical training, continuing education, and ethics as common requirements) | Ontario: registration, ethics, continuing competence, complaints, and discipline; Australia: Positive Behavior Support Capability Framework; Norway: university-based behavior-analysis education and public professional training; Nordic countries: discussion of regional quality assurance and professional cooperation | Course- and credit-based recognition under MOHW Notice No. 2018-167; variation in education, supervised practice, ethics, and maintenance requirements across private certifications | Comparative analysis of private certification standards; assessment of the feasibility of minimum common professional standards |
| 3. Designing a workforce structure based on role and responsibility(distinguishing personnel responsible for assessment, design, and supervision from those responsible for direct implementation) | United States: BCBA-BCaBA-RBT role differentiation and supervision; Ontario: services must be provided or supervised by registered professionals | Staffing and professional-role requirements used in rehabilitation-service and institutional designation systems | Investigation of current staffing composition, scopes of practice, and supervision ratios in domestic ABA service provision |
| 4. Accumulating cost, utilization, and outcome data | United States: coverage expansion made changes in service use, expenditure, and workforce supply observable; Indiana: rapid expenditure growth prompted review of billing and oversight standards | Current standard unit prices do not separately reflect assessment, intervention planning, indirect services, supervision, or outcome evaluation | Collection of data on direct and indirect service time, supervision costs, provider operating costs, service utilization, and user outcomes |